基层劳动保障监察在解决建设领域拖欠农民工工资实践中越位和缺位的思考

农民工讨薪已经成立关注民生的重要话题。人社部、住建部等部委每年都要多次发文 解决农民工工资问题,但几乎是年年都在努力,年年都有拖欠。帮助农民工讨薪是政府义不容 辞的责任。本文作者从事多年的基层劳动保障监察维权实践,总结和探索如何从根本上杜绝拖 欠农民工工资的现象。     

Seroepidemiology of infection with Toxoplasma gondii in waste pickers and waste workers in Durango, Mexico

Municipal waste is a potential source of infection for Toxoplasma gondii as it may contain contaminated meat with parasite tissue cysts and cat excrement with parasite oocysts. Therefore, we sought to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection and associated characteristics in two populations exposed to municipal solid waste in Durango, Mexico. Ninety waste pickers and 83 waste workers of Durango City, Mexico were examined for T. gondii infection. They were tested for anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies using enzyme-linked immunoassays. In addition, socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics from each participant were obtained. Nineteen (21.1%) of the 90 waste pickers and seven (8.4%) of the 83 waste workers were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies. The difference in prevalence among the groups was statistically significant (P =0.03). Waste pickers aged 31-50 years showed a significantly higher prevalence (40.9%) than waste workers of the same age group (2.9%, P < 0.001). Anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies were found in two (2.2%) of the waste pickers but in none of the waste workers. The seroprevalence of T. gondii was significantly higher in workers of the waste transfer station (25.0%) than in drivers or helpers of waste vehicles (2.5%) (P =0.03). Multivariate analysis showed that T. gondii infection was associated with consuming food found in the garbage [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 4.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-11.8] and with lack of education (adjusted OR = 3.2; 95% CI 1.1-8.8). From this study, we conclude: (i) waste pickers may represent a risk group for T. gondii infection; (ii) lack of education might be a contributing factor for T. gondii infection; (iii) the higher the exposure to garbage, the higher the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection; (iv) Eating food products from the garbage may represent an important route for T. gondii infection.     

浅析和谐社会建设中的“农民工第二代”问题

在构建社会主义和谐社会的进程中,关注"农民工第二代"群体,对其存在现状及发展趋势予以分析,进而从"农民工第二代"的教育、城市化和新农村发展等方面提出符合实际的可行性对策。     

Landscape context and selection for forest edge by breeding Brown-headed Cowbirds

We evaluated support for four alternate hypotheses explaining the distribution of breeding Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in forests at varying distances from the forest edge in three Midwestern USA landscapes with varying amounts of forest fragmentation (core forest area ranged from 5 to 70%). We focused on breeding cowbirds’ use of forest because of the risk of nest parasitism to forest-dwelling hosts and to identify factors affecting breeding cowbird habitat selection. We compared distances of cowbird locations in the forest from the forest edge (“edge distances”) to distances of random forest locations in the entire landscape or within individual cowbird home ranges. We analyzed 1322 locations of 84 cowbirds across three landscapes. We found support for the landscape context hypothesis that breeding cowbird preference for forest edge varied with landscape context. Ninety percent of cowbird locations were within 150–350 m of forest edge, despite the overall availability of forest at greater distances from edge (as far as 500–1450 m) both within cowbird home ranges and the entire forested landscape. Cowbird preference for edge varied by landscape context largely due to differences in the availability of forest edge. In a highly fragmented forest cowbirds utilized the entire forest and likely viewed it as “all edge.” In less fragmented forests, cowbirds preferred edge. We consider how variation in cowbird edge preference might relate to patterns in host abundance, host diversity, and host quality because cowbird movements indicate they are capable of using forest farther from edges.     

北京市外来农民工心理压力现状研究——以朝阳区皮村3331名农民工为例

通过对北京市朝阳区皮村3 331名农民工心理压力状况的调查发现,农民工整体心理压力超出适中水平,熟练劳力动型农民工存在数量庞大的中度、重度压力群体,中年农民工受工作和生理因素双重影响压力最大,处于婚姻存续和婚姻破碎的状态农民工心理压力较大,专业技术型层次的农民工心理压力较小。建议通过优化农民工生活环境、改善农民工生活质量、加强农民工心理援助服务、建立心理减压工作长效机制等方式舒缓农民工心理压力。     

论精准扶贫社会工作者的核心能力及培育策略

反贫困既是专业社会工作历史关注的焦点,更是当代社会工作服务的重点。在打赢脱贫攻坚战的进程中,专业社会工作不仅更新了扶贫的价值理念和服务模式,更促进了扶贫社会政策和人才队伍的建设。但随着精准扶贫的推进,反贫困社会工作的本土化、多元化、制度化、专业化和理论化水平还有待完善,关键是社会工作者精准扶贫的核心能力不足。因此,需要以“价值—知识—技术”三位一体的能力框架为基础,从共同富裕、城乡平等、内源发展、社会政策、生计发展、服务管理、精准识别、跨界融合、统筹整合、评估跟进等十个方面构建精准扶贫社会工作者的核心能力体系,并通过专业教育、继续教育、实务拓展和政策引导来培养、提升、拓展和巩固其核心能力。     

高雅艺术走进农民工生活

在我们传统概念中,高雅艺术和农民工之间并不存在什么联系。但是农民工身上所包 含的积极进取、辛苦耐劳都是高雅艺术,是非常值得尊重的精神。文章以高雅艺术走进农民工 生活为分析对象,首先对相关的概念进行了介绍,接着分析了当前高雅艺术与农民工之间存在 的问题,最后论述了高雅艺术走进农民工生活,以便帮助农民工获得更高的生活质量。     

外出务工对留守人员农业劳动供给的影响——基于CFPS2012的实证分析

基于中国家庭动态追踪调查数据CFPS2012实证分析了家庭成员外出务工对留守人员农业劳动供给的影响。研究结果表明:1)家庭成员外出务工会负向影响留守人员的农业劳动供给,随着外出务工率的提升,留守人员的农业劳动参与率和劳动供给时间均会随之下降。2)家庭成员外出务工后,留守老人和留守女性的农业劳动供给也会相应减少。3)如果不考虑内生性和样本选择偏差,则会低估外出务工对留守人员农业劳动供给的影响。     

农民工职业上升及分化研究

农民工的职业是影响农民工市民化的关键所在,普通员工、中低层管理者、技工和经营者是农民工职业的四大基本类别,技工更是农民工职业上升过程中的主要方向。运用多项logistic模型分析个人特征、人力资本、社会资本、心理资本和城市环境对农民工职业上升及分化的影响,结果表明：25—40岁年龄段的新生代农民工是农民工职业上升的主力军,而体现农民工综合人力资本的学历和最能体现农民工心理资本的强烈进取心是农民工职业由普通员工上升为中低层管理者、技工和经营者等高端职业的共同的关键因素。企业组织内的社会资本和人力资本是农民工晋升为中低层管理者的重要条件,人力资本是农民工成长为技工的关键因素,而组织外社会资本、较强的风险承受力和处于不发达中小城市则是农民工成为经营者的关键因素。     

农村转移人口市民化的落户地选择及其影响因素的实证分析

利用Logistic模型对湖北406个农村转移人口及其家庭的调查数据进行分析,结果发现,农村转移人口市民化的落户地选择显著地受到个人年均务工收入、主要亲属所在地和乡土情结的影响。其中,年均务工收入对落户地选择的影响为负,即收入较低者更多地选择就地市民化,收入较高者更容易实现异地市民化;主要亲属所在地和乡土情结对农村转移人口市民化的落户地选择均具有正向影响。农村转移人口市民化的落户地选择不仅是个体的经济决策,同时还受到家庭其他成员的影响以及乡土情结等情感因素的影响。